Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Study in A National Referral Hospital in Indonesia

Main Article Content

Afifah Annis Fuada
Dinda Aprilia
Biomechy Oktomalio Putri

Abstract

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the acute complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) with high mortality and morbidity rates. Research data regarding the characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without DKA are not yet widely available. Therefore, further research is needed to minimize the annual morbidity and mortality rate and prevent complications at the earliest possible moment. This study was carried out to determine the differences in the characteristics of T2DM patients with and without DKA in Dr. M. Djamil Central General Hospital Padang period 1st January 2018 to 31stDecember 2020.


Methods: This study used a comparative analytic study with a cross-sectional approach using the medical records of T2DM patients with and without DKA in Dr. M. Djamil Central General Hospital Padang period 1st January to 31st December 2020 with total sampling. Data analysis calculated by chi-square test, unpaired T-test, and Mann-Whitney test.


Results: Most of T2DM patients with DKA were aged ≥ 40 years (62.1%), female (65.5%), secondary level of education (72.4%), DM diagnosis duration was ≤ 5 years (75.9%), had infection precipitating factors (65.5%), on insulin (58.6%), Body Mass Index (BMI) in overweight-obese criteria (55%), fasting blood glucose (FBG) < 250 mg/dl (62.1%), and post-prandial glucose (PPG) 250-600 mg/dl (51.7%). This study found that the association of age, DM diagnosis duration, precipitating factors, medication use, and PPG with DKA in T2DM patients (p<0.05).


Conclusion: This study confirmed significant differences in age, DM diagnosis duration, precipitation factors, type of antidiabetic therapy, and PPG between T2DM patients with and without DKA in Dr. M. Djamil Central General Hospital Padang.

Article Details

How to Cite
1.
Fuada AA, Aprilia D, Putri BO. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Study in A National Referral Hospital in Indonesia. Front. Healthc. Res. [Internet]. 2024 Jul. 29 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];1(2):17-23. Available from: https://frontiersin-healthcare-research.org/index.php/id/article/view/25
Section
Article

How to Cite

1.
Fuada AA, Aprilia D, Putri BO. Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Study in A National Referral Hospital in Indonesia. Front. Healthc. Res. [Internet]. 2024 Jul. 29 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];1(2):17-23. Available from: https://frontiersin-healthcare-research.org/index.php/id/article/view/25

References

International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th Ed. 2019.[Last accessed on 2021 May 15]. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf

Farmaki P, Damaskos C, Garmpis N, Garmpi A, Savvanis S, Diamantis E. Complications of the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2020;16(4):249–51.

Usman A, Syed Sulaiman SA, Khan AH, Adnan AS. Profiles of diabetic ketoacidosis in multiethnic diabetic population of Malaysia. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015;14(1):179–85.

Ebrahimi F, Kutz A, Christ ER, Szinnai G. Lifetime risk and health-care burden of diabetic ketoacidosis: A population-based study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;24;13.

Dewata DGUB, Novida H, Aryati A. Profile of diabetic ketoacidosis patients at regional public hospital Dr. Soetomo in 2017. Periodic Epidemiology Journal. 2020;8(3):301–9.

Hannan M. Analysis of factors that influence medication compliance in diabetes mellitus patients at the Bluto Sumenep Health Center. Wiraraja Medika. 2013;3(2):47–55.

Elkituni A, Elshwekh H, Bendala NM, Atwear WS, Aldaba FA, Fellah AM. Profile of diabetic ketoacidosis at the national diabetes and endocrine center in Tripoli, Libya, 2015. Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clinical Research and Reviews. 2021;15(3):771–5.

Rashid MO, Sheikh A, Salam A, Farooq S, Kiran Z, Islam N. Diabetic ketoacidosis characteristics and differences In type 1 versus type 2 diabetes patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2017;29(3):398–402.

Al-Abdulrazzaq D, Othman F, Qabazard S, Al-Tararwa A, Ahmad D, Al-Sanae H, et al. Epidemiological trends in the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis in children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes from 2011 to 2017 in Kuwait. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;9(1):13.

Tan H, Zhou Y, Yu Y. Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in chinese adults and adolescents - A teaching hospital-based analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97(2):306–12.

Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, Umpierrez GE. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):40.

Balasubramanyam A, Zern JW, Hyman DJ, Pavlik V. New profiles of diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(19):1–3

Shahid W, Khan F, Makda A, Kumar V, Memon S, Rizwan A. Diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical characteristics and precipitating factors. Cureus. 2020;12(10):2018–21.

Schwarzfuchs D, Rabaev E, Sagy I, Zimhony-Nissim N, Lipnitzki I, Musa H, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(6):1256–61.

Adhi KT, Sutiari NK, Lubis DS, Widarini NP, Putra IGNE. Nutrient consumption and body fat parameters in women over 40 years of age. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;16(3):114.

Al-Obaidi AH, Alidrisi HA, Mansour AA. Precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the effect of socioeconomic status. Int J Diabetes Metab. 2019;25(1–2):52–60.

Taha Radhi H. Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in adult patients in Bahrain. Clin Invest Lond. 2020; 10(1):18–27

Waldman SD. Functional Anatomy of the Chemoreceptors. Pain Review. 2009;87(5):337–346

Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Kitabchi AE. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004;53(8):2079-86.

Swami A, Kar G, Difoesa B, Shyam Lakshman S. diabetic ketoacidosis in an obese adolescent diabetic patient with acanthosis nigricans and without autoantibodies. is it type 1.5 diabetes?. Adv Diabetes Metab. 2013;1(1):12-15

Elsheikh A, Abdullah A, Wahab A, Eigbire Ge, Salama Amr, Rajamani K. Impact of obesity on outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis-results from the national inpatient sample. Diabetes. 2018;67:2085-P.

Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1335–43.

Yano M, Hasegawa G, Ishii M, Yamasaki M, Fukui M, Nakamura N, et al. Short-term exposure of high glucose concentration induces generation of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells: Implication for the oxidative stress associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. Redox Rep. 2004;9(2):111–6.